Excavation is one of the most fundamental and hazardous activities in construction. Whether for trenches, foundations, road cuttings, or utility pipelines, excavation exposes workers to significant risks, including cave-ins, falling material, hazardous gases, and accidents involving machinery. Recognizing these dangers, the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) published IS 3764:1992 – Code of Safety for Excavation Work, laying down safety measures to minimize accidents and safeguard workers’ lives.
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